The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains are surprisingly far from the coast for mountains linked to a subduction zone. ROCKY MOUNTAINS, a vast system extending over three thousand miles from northern Mexico to Northwest Alaska, forms the western continental divide. The Great Plains lie to the east of the Rockies and is characterized by prairie grasses (below roughly 550m or 1,800ft). ", "Geology of the Rocky Mountains and Columbias", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_the_Rocky_Mountains&oldid=1138347542, This page was last edited on 9 February 2023, at 05:09. Thank you for reading! The Middle Rocky Mountains province is located in the western United States with a major portion in Wyoming. The Rocky Mountains are a large mountain range located in the western part of North America in the United States and Canada. Volcanic activity from hot spots underneath Earths crust causes magma (molten rock) to rise through cracks in our surface; this creates extremely tall volcanoes called shield volcanoes such as Mauna Loa in Hawaii or Kilauea in Hawaii that last for hundreds of thousands if not millions of years before being eroded away by rainwater and wind erosion over time. An economic analysis of mining effects at this site revealed declining property values, degraded water quality, and the loss of recreational opportunities. The current southern Rockies were forced upwards through the layers of Pennsylvanian and Permian sedimentary remnants of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. In 1819, Spain ceded their rights north of the 42nd Parallel to the United States, though these rights did not include possession and also included obligations to Britain and Russia concerning their claims in the same region. Only two continental ice sheets exist on Earth today, in Greenland and Antarctica. The eastern edge of the Rockies rises above the Great Plains at their eastern end between Alberta and New Mexico, a distance of about 1,200 miles (1,900 km). The Wyoming Basin and several smaller areas contain significant reserves of coal, natural gas, oil shale, and petroleum. According to research from the University of Wyoming, the Colorado Rockies were formed by uplift and erosion between 40 million and 70 million years ago. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In addition to the North American plate, the Pacific Plate also crashes into the western coast of North America. There are nearly 2,000 different species! More than 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers) long, they vary in width from 70 to 300 miles (110 to 480 . Typically, mountains are created when tectonic plates collide with each other. Negotiations between the United Kingdom and the United States over the next few decades failed to settle upon a compromise boundary and the Oregon Dispute became important in geopolitical diplomacy between the British Empire and the new American Republic. It includes the large Athabasca Glacier, which is nearly five miles long and about a mile wide. What kind of rocks are found in the Rocky Mountains? Terranes began colliding with the western edge of North America in the Mississippian (approximately 350 million years ago), causing the Antler orogeny. The Rocky Mountains continue to rise due to buoyant forces, though in a way not easily perceived as the Himalayas. The mountains eroded down over millions of years, making a flat surface, which is called a peneplain; Sediments were deposited on top of that peneplain by rivers flowing out from the mountains; and. Mesozoic. The ranges of the Canadian and Northern Rockies were created when thick sheets of Paleozoic limestones were thrust eastward over Mesozoic rocks during the mountain-building episode called the Laramide Orogeny (65 to 35 million years ago). In places the system is 300 or more miles wide. Geologic events in the Middle Rockies strongly influenced the direction of stream courses. The land forms result from the action of stream and frost and ice. The modern-day Rocky Mountains are considered weird by geological standards. The Rocky Mountains are an important habitat for a great deal of well-known wildlife, such as wolves, elk, moose, mule and white-tailed deer, pronghorn, mountain goats, bighorn sheep, badgers, black bears, grizzly bears, coyotes, lynxes, cougars, and wolverines. In Canada, the subduction of the Kula plate and the terranes smashing into the continent are the feet pushing the rug, the ancestral rocks are the rug, and the Canadian Shield in the middle of the continent is the hardwood floor. [33] Canadian railway officials also convinced Parliament to set aside vast areas of the Canadian Rockies as Jasper, Banff, Yoho, and Waterton Lakes National Parks, laying the foundation for a tourism industry which thrives to this day. These mountains have been formed as a result of tectonic forces acting on different types of rock below ground levelsome are harder than others and dont move as much when you push them! Coalbed methane supplies 7 percent of the natural gas used in the U.S. The ranges of the Southern Rockies are higher than those of the Middle or Northern Rockies, with many peaks exceeding elevations of 14,000 feet. The answer is that the Appalachian mountain chain formed when two continental plates collided. The formation of the Great Plains began over a billion years ago, in the Precambrian Era. These ranges formed along the eastern edge of a region of carbonate sedimentation some 17 miles (27 km) thick, which had accumulated from the late Precambrian to early Mesozoic time (i.e., between about 1 billion and 190 million years ago). [6], The Canadian Rockies are defined by Canadian geographers as everything south of the Liard River and east of the Rocky Mountain Trench, and do not extend into Yukon, Northwest Territories or central British Columbia. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea. These glaciers, however, are retreating fairly rapidly. Some 10,000 vertical feet of the sedimentary rocks were then eroded; otherwise the Front Range would be approximately twice its present height. Author of. [13] Volcanic rock from the Cenozoic (66 million1.8 million years ago) occurs in the San Juan Mountains and in other areas. Inland seas covered much of the present-day north during the Precambrian era, leading to the deposition of marine sediments that would later become limestone and sandstone. The horizontal sedimentary rocks have been dissected by the Green and Colorado rivers and their tributaries into a network of deep canyons. By the close of the Mesozoic, 10,000 to 15,000 feet (3000 to 4500 m) of sediment accumulated in 15 recognized formations. Extensive volcanism mudflows soon followed this mountain-building event and ash falls that left behind igneous rocks in the Never Summer Range. The Great Plains are the largest area of flat land in North America. The Rocky Mountains are a region of great geological diversity and beauty. The Canadian Rockies (French: Rocheuses canadiennes) or Canadian Rocky Mountains, comprising both the Alberta Rockies and the British Columbian Rockies, is the Canadian segment of the North American Rocky Mountains.It is the easternmost part of the Canadian Cordillera, which is the northern segment of the North American Cordillera, the expansive system of interconnected mountain ranges between . Geologists continue to gather evidence to explain the rise of the Rockies so much farther inland; the answer most likely lies with the unusual subduction of the Farallon plate,[7] or possibly due to the subduction of an oceanic plateau. The ancient Rockies then eroded hundreds of millions of years ago, leaving behind a less rugged landscape and sedimentary deposits such as the Fox Hills Formation and Pierre Shale. Lets look at each one in turn! The oldest layers are metamorphic rocks like schist and quartzite formed from sedimentary and igneous rock that has been subjected to intense heat and pressure over time. The human presence in the Rocky Mountains has been dated to between 10,000 and 8,000 BCE. What Are Different Forms Of Genes Called? PO Box 732045, Dallas, TX 75373-2045. In 1841, James Sinclair, Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company, guided some 200 settlers from the Red River Colony west to bolster settlement around Fort Vancouver in an attempt to retain the Columbia District for Britain. The Rocky Mountains vary in width from 70 to 300 miles (110 to 480 kilometers) and measure 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers) long. The Middle Rocky Mountains province is further characterized by sharp ridge lines, U-shaped valleys, glacial lakes, and piles of . [7], Since the last great ice age, the Rocky Mountains were home first to indigenous peoples including the Apache, Arapaho, Bannock, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Coeur d'Alene, Kalispel, Crow Nation, Flathead, Shoshone, Sioux, Ute, Kutenai (Ktunaxa in Canada), Sekani, Dunne-za, and others. ), A Sleeping Volcano is Coming To Life After 800 Years. The fur-trading North West Company established Rocky Mountain House as a trading post in what is now the Rocky Mountain Foothills of present-day Alberta in 1799, and their business rivals the Hudson's Bay Company established Acton House nearby. In places the system is 300 or more miles wide. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. The more famous of these include William Henry Ashley, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, John Colter, Thomas Fitzpatrick, Andrew Henry, and Jedediah Smith. The Rockies sweep down from Alaska through Canada and the western third of the United States. The western edge of the Rockies includes ranges such as the Wasatch near Salt Lake City, the San Juan Mountains of New Mexico and Colorado, the Bitterroots along the Idaho-Montana border, and the Sawtooths in central Idaho. Thats a question that scientists have been trying to answer for decades. This ancient mountain range was much smaller than the modern Rockies, only reaching up to 2,000 feet high and stretching from Boulder to Steamboat Springs, Colorado. [7][37] In the summer season, examples of tourist attractions are: In Canada, the mountain range contains these national parks: Glacier National Park in Montana and Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta border each other and are collectively known as Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Sediments are layers of rocks, minerals and organic matter that eroded from existing landmasses. The Rocky Mountains are one of the major mountain ranges of the world. Glaciers in this ice field, while continuing to move, are thinning and retreating. Valley glaciers typically form at the top of a narrow (stream) valley and slowly spread downward. This process occurred over millions of years, but it wasnt a smooth one. This structural depression, known as the Rocky Mountain Geosyncline, eventually extended from Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico and became a continuous seaway during the Cretaceous Period (about 145 to 66 million years ago). This same mountain-building process is occurring today in the Andes Mountains of South America. The final result of this erosion was the formation of a rolling plain of moderate elevation, above which rose low, rounded mountains 1,000 to 2,000 feet in height. In Colorado, along with the crest of the Continental Divide, rock walls that Native Americans built for driving game date back 5,4005,800 years. How does this support the Theory of Continental Drift? For example, the Agassiz and Jackson Glaciers in Glacier National Park reached their most forward positions about 1860 during the Little Ice Age. Some of the most famous mountains on earth are, Mount Everest, the Andes . The Rocky Mountains are a mountain range in the western part of North America. You probably already know what mountains are. The Great Plains border the mountain ranges on the east. Figuring out how the Rockies are able to stay standing at their size was another story. In the U.S. portion of the mountain range, apex predators such as grizzly bears and wolf packs had been extirpated from their original ranges, but have partially recovered due to conservation measures and reintroduction. In 1983, the former owner of the zinc mine was sued by the Colorado Attorney General for the $4.8million cleanup costs; five years later, ecological recovery was considerable. The stream courses were initially established in the late Miocene Epoch (about 11.6 to 5.3 million years ago), when the basins were largely filled by deposits of Neogene and Paleogene age (i.e., about 2.6 to 66 million years old) that locally extended across lower segments of mountain axes. Each section has unique characteristics that make it unique from its fellow sections: What were the Appalachians like when they formed? [7], In 1739, French fur traders Pierre and Paul Mallet, while journeying through the Great Plains, discovered a range of mountains at the headwaters of the Platte River, which local American Indian tribes called the "Rockies", becoming the first Europeans to report on this uncharted mountain range.[20]. Learn more about us & read our affiliate disclosure. Updates? The angle of reduction was somewhat shallow, which resulted in a vast belt of mountains running through western North America. By the Anglo-American Convention of 1818, which established the 49th parallel north as the international boundary west from Lake of the Woods to the "Stony Mountains";[27] the UK and the USA agreed to what has since been described as "joint occupancy" of lands further west to the Pacific Ocean. This shallow subduction angle meant that the Farallon Plate could have reached farther east under the continental interior before plunging deeper into the mantle, releasing water into the lithosphere above. Over time, these layers were compressed and lifted up by tectonic forces, which caused them to fold into huge mountain ranges. Paleo-Indians hunted the now-extinct mammoth and ancient bison (an animal 20% larger than modern bison) in the foothills and valleys of the mountains. The Rocky Mountains, which extend north into Canada and south into New Mexico, formed during the late Mesozoic when crustal compression led to deformation and thrust faulting. There is also Precambrian sedimentary argillite, dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. Such sedimentary remnants were often tilted at steep angles along the flanks of the modern range; they are now visible in many places throughout the Rockies, and are prominently shown along the Dakota Hogback, an early Cretaceous sandstone formation that runs along the eastern flank of the modern Rockies. The "Rockies" as they are also known, pass through northern New Mexico and into Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. The eastern and western slopes of the Continental Divide run directly through the center of the park with the . The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869,[31] and Yellowstone National Park was established as the world's first national park in 1872. Search form. The Rocky Mountains sit on top of some very old rocks called Precambrian rock, which dates back to 4 billion years ago or more! These tremendous thrusts piled sheets of crust on top of each other, resulting in broad, tall Rocky Mountain ranges. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Coalbed methane can be recovered by dewatering the coal bed, and separating the gas from the water; or injecting water to fracture the coal to release the gas (so-called hydraulic fracturing). They cover hundreds of thousands of square miles and form a border between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians. The Rocky Mountains are a massive mountain range of western North America. The Rockies range in latitude between the Liard River in British Columbia (at 59 N) and the Rio Grande in New Mexico (at 35 N). Other recovering species include the bald eagle and the peregrine falcon. What two plates created the Rocky Mountains? At this time, North America was connected to Asia by a land bridge over what is now the Bering Strait. The Rocky Mountains took shape during an intense period of plate tectonic activity that resulted in much of the rugged landscape of the western North America. The uplifts in the Colorado Plateau are not as great as those elsewhere in the Rockies, and therefore less erosion has occurred; Precambrian rocks have been exposed only in the deepest canyons, such as the Grand Canyon. Official websites use .gov Elbert at 14,440 feet (4,401 meters). [1] Subsequent erosion by glaciers has created the current form of the mountains. The Rocky Mountains formed 80 million to 55 million years ago when a number of plates began sliding underneath the larger North American plate. You might be surprised to learn that the Rocky Mountains are not made up solely of granite. [9] It was not until 80 Ma these effects began reaching the Rockies. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. [38][39], This article is about the mountain range. Thick sheets of Paleozoic limestone were thrust eastward over Mesozoic rocks. And before that, the soft continental collision that formed the Ouachita Mountains 280 million years also formed the Marathon Mountains. This movement creates earthquakes and volcanoes, as well as mountain building by forcing one edge of Earths crust up against another edge. the _____ orogeny formed the southern ranges of the Rocky Mountains. [34] While settlers filled the valleys and mining towns, conservation and preservation ethics began to take hold. These events can take place over millions of years and may lead to volcanoes or earthquakes as they progress. Rocky Mountain National Park is an American national park located approximately 55 mi (89 km) northwest of Denver in north-central Colorado, within the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains.The park is situated between the towns of Estes Park to the east and Grand Lake to the west. Over the last 300,000 years there were two major periods of glaciation: The Bull Lake Glaciation period occurred from 300,000-127,000 and the Pinedale Glaciation Period occurred from 30,000-12,000 years ago. Asides from writing, I enjoy surfing the internet and listening to music. Mountains are formed along fissures, cracks, or tectonic plate edges, where movement in the earth's crust causes pressure or friction. Where is the Rocky mountain fault located? In this process, the North American plate tectonic moved westward and collided with other tectonic plates, causing them to crumple up and form the mountains. The earth's crust is divided into plates, or sections of lands that often move, though scientists are. This basin became the perfect receptacle for sediment washed off nearby mountains. The Rocky Mountains include at least 100 separate ranges, which are generally divided into four broad groupings: the Canadian Rockies and Northern Rockies of Montana and northeastern Idaho; the Middle Rockies of Wyoming, Utah, and southeastern Idaho; the Southern Rockies, mainly in Colorado and New Mexico; and the Colorado Plateau in the Four Corners region of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Some of these canyons are deeply entrenched meanders, such as the dramatic Goosenecks section of the San Juan River near Mexican Hat, Utah, where erosion through the canyon walls separating opposite sides of a meandering river loop has created a natural bridge. Among the most notable are the expeditions of David Thompson, who followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. Glaciation is one of the strongest erosional forces on the planet and is responsible for shaping Rocky Mountain National Park as it is today. The song is one of the two official state songs of Colorado. In fact, scientists say that if you saw such a thing coming at you at high speed through spaceat least 20 times faster than anything else on Earth moves todayyoud run for cover as fast as possible because theres no way anybody wants to get hit by something moving so quickly! Finally, rivers and canyons can create a unique forest zone in more arid parts of the mountain range.[7]. Sapphires and other nonmetallic mineral deposits include phosphate rock, potash, trona, magnesium and lithium salts, Glaubers salt, gypsum, limestone, and dolomite. Despite such efforts, in 1846, Britain ceded all claim to Columbia District lands south of the 49th parallel to the United States; as resolution to the Oregon boundary dispute by the Oregon Treaty. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock, forced upward through layers of the limestone laid down in the shallow sea. Depending on differing definitions between Canada and the U.S., its northern terminus is located either in northern British Columbia's Terminal Range south of the Liard River and east of the Trench, or in the northeastern foothills of the Brooks Range/British Mountains that face the Beaufort Sea coasts between the Canning River and the Firth River across the Alaska-Yukon border. Some are ancient island arcs, similar to Japan, Indonesia and the Aleutians; others are fragments of oceanic crust obducted onto the continental margin while others represent small isolated mid-oceanic islands. A large magma chamber beneath the area has filled several times and caused the surface to bulge, only to then empty in a series of volcanic eruptions of basaltic and rhyolitic lava and ash. The Rockies were formed during the Laramide orogeny, starting around 80 to 50 million years ago and ending roughly 35 million years ago. Of the 100 highest major peaks of the Rocky Mountains, 78 (including the 30 highest) are located in Colorado, ten in Wyoming, six in New Mexico, three in Montana, and one each in Utah, British Columbia, and Idaho. On July 24, 1832, Benjamin Bonneville led the first wagon train across the Rocky Mountains by using South Pass in the present State of Wyoming. Appalachian Mountains, also called Appalachians, great highland system of North America, the eastern counterpart of the Rocky Mountains. The answer is no, they arent. Before the Birth of the Appalachian Mountains Triple Divide Peak (2,440m or 8,020ft) in Glacier National Park is so named because water falling on the mountain reaches not only the Atlantic and Pacific but Hudson Bay as well. The plains were formed from sediment (sand, clay, gravel and silt) that was carried by rivers from the Rocky Mountains to form a flat area between the mountains and the Mississippi River. Written by Megan Martin [6] During the last half of the Mesozoic Era, much of today's California, British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington were added to North America. [7], These terranes represent a variety of tectonic environments. The Farron plate slid underneath the North American plate at the beginning of the Laramide orogeny. The Rocky Mountains are the easternmost portion of the expansive North American Cordillera. A series of erosions during the Tertiary Period continued to raise the mountain ranges to their present height. This happens at many different places around Earth, but it happened especially frequently along what would become North Americas west coast when dinosaurs roamed. All rights reserved. The current southern Rockies were forced upwards through the layers of Pennsylvanian and Permian sedimentary remnants of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains. This happens when two tectonic plates collide together at an angle where they can no longer slide past each other smoothly instead they mix together creating new rock materials like granite which rise upwards as magma or lava reaches towards the surface through cracks called dykes (image 2). Minerals found in the Rocky Mountains include significant deposits of copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, silver, tungsten, and zinc. The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a mountain range that stretches from central Mexico to Canada and includes several smaller ranges. If youre looking at a map, this fault would be to the south of Auckland and to the north of Wellington. The rocks in the mountain ranges were formed before tectonic forces raised the Rocky Mountains. Other mountain ranges like the Taiwan Central Range, Olympic Mountains, and the Southern Alps are still actively growing, though not getting much taller than they already are. ", "The geologic story of Colorado's Sangre de Cristo Range", "US & Canada: Rocky Mountains (Chapter 14)", "Rocky Mountains | mountains, North America", "First Crossing of North America National Historic Site of Canada", "Lewis and Clark Expedition: Scientific Encounters", "Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site of Canada", "Guide to the David Thompson Papers 18061845", "David Thompson plants the British flag at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers on July 9, 1811", "Coal-Bed Gas Resources of the Rocky Mountain Region", Colorado Rockies Forests ecoregion images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu, North Central Rockies Forests ecoregion images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu, South Central Rockies Forests ecoregion images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu, Sunset on the Top of the Rocky Mountains, CO, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountains&oldid=1142531536, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 23:05. For example, they include the highest peak in North America, Mount Elbert, which rises 14,433 feet above sea level. The slow erosion might eventually make the areas surrounding the Rockies less lumpy over time. The formation of the Rockies was a process that took millions of years. Most mountain ranges occur at tectonically active spots where tectonic plates collide (convergent plate boundary), move away from each other (divergent plate boundary), or slide past each other (transform plate boundary), The Rockies, however, are located in the middle of a large, mostly inactive continental interior away from a plate boundary. This flooding left behind large amounts of sedimentary deposits, like the Pierre Shale and Fox Hills Formation (sandstone). Planned Parenthood of the Rocky Mountains. Farther north in Alberta, the Athabasca and other rivers feed the basin of the Mackenzie River, which has its outlet on the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean. Rocky Mountain Research Station. This is why the Rocky Mountains are made up of sedimentary rock and granite, while California has more volcanic rocks like basalt and rhyolite (like what you see on Mount Rainier). A major obstacle the first land plants had to overcome was _____. The Climax mine employed over 3,000 workers. Commonly known as the Rockies, the Rocky Mountains are the primary mountain systems stretching from western Canada to the southwestern US state of New Mexico. Rugged and massive, the Rocky Mountains form a nearly continuous mountain chain in the western part of the North American continent. The analysis also revealed that cleanup of the river could yield $2.3million in additional revenue from recreation. Copyright One way this happens is by a process called subductionplates collide into one another, causing one plate to dive beneath another one. These boundaries can be between two or more tectonic plates, between one tectonic plate and oceanic crust (the sea floor), or between oceanic crust and continental crust (continental land masses). During this mountain-building period, the ancient Farallon oceanic plate moved underneath the North American Plate at a very low angle. The Pacific Plate and the North American Plate are moving towards each other at about an inch and a half per year. As these two plates slowly move past each other, they create friction, which causes them to slide along one another and form mountains in between them. Precipitation ranges from 250 millimetres (10in) per year in the southern valleys[15] to 1,500 millimetres (60in) per year locally in the northern peaks. However, the human population grew rapidly in the Rocky Mountain states between 1950 and 1990. Near tree-line, zones can consist of white pines (such as whitebark pine or bristlecone pine); or a mixture of white pine, fir, and spruce that appear as shrub-like krummholz. Colorado has 53 peaks over this elevation, the highest being Mount Elbert in the Sawatch Range, which at 14,433 feet (4,399 metres) is the highest point in the Rockies. The Rocky Mountains are still rising today. The current Rockies arose in the Laramide Orogeny that began between 80 and 50 million years ago. [14], All of these geological processes exposed a complex set of rocks at the surface. Beneath the surface, great masses of molten rock were injected and hardened in place. Enter your email in the box below to get the most mind-blowing animal stories and videos delivered directly to your inbox every day. The only remaining type of glacier in Rocky Mountain National Park is a cirque glacier, which is a small glacier (sometimes the remnant of an old valley glacier) that occupies the bowl shape within a small valley. This phenomenon resulted from superposition of the streams. The first mention of their present name by a European was in the journal of Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre in 1752, where they were called "Montagnes de Roche".[3][4]. Scientists have grouped glaciers into three categories: cirque glaciers, valley glaciers, and continental ice sheets. The Great Basin and Columbia River Plateau separate these subranges from distinct ranges further to the west. A second uplift brought more sediment down as streams and rivers, building up a thick layer covering much of North America for millions of years. Four mountain groupsthe La Sal, Henry, Abajo, and Carrizoare notable. Rocks are broken down by weathering and then reformed through erosion, volcanic eruptions and plate tectonics. About 70 million years ago, the Rocky Mountains began to form, and a broad areaincluding the giant gypsum fieldrose. The most popular theory is that the Rocky Mountains were formed by a series of mountain building events, where the North American plate tectonic moved westward and collided with other tectonic plates, causing them to crumple up and form the mountains.
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