In Fanteland, the Methodists and Roman Catholics pioneered similar works. In addition to teaching, he served as national spiritual director of the Ghana Sacred Heart Enthronement Centre and spiritual director of the Accra Diocesan Sacred Heart Centre. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The Christian Connector is a great resource for Christians and aspiring ministry leaders and missionaries to apply for scholarships. This allowed me to estimate the impact of mission schooling directly. Many Ghanaian communities got divided along religious lines. 2 Longman Group Ltd. London 1974, Ampadu B.K Notes on History of Ghana for Senior High Schools. 517 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2E41B338ACB2B2110A00B08D5A5CFE7F>]/Index[503 20]/Info 502 0 R/Length 86/Prev 357984/Root 504 0 R/Size 523/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream opened was the Christian Institute, established in 1814 for the training of teachers, catechists and priests. They discovered that the holy book did not clearly prescribe monogamy, and contained several examples of renowned Christian polygamists. Father Burke was preceded in death by his parents and his brother John. Groundless fears that the converts would become contaminated with paganism led some of the Christian missionaries, notably the Presbyterians, to separate the Christians from the rest of the township. Joseph Dunwell. government questions life skills Debate Speech: Religion Has Failed Society, A Speech Outlining the Achievements and Problems of Your School, 7 Factors Accounting for the Shortage of Capital In West Africa, The Resurrection of Jesus According to Marks Gospel. By the close of the nineteenth century the major Christian missionary churches had opened elementary schools in many part of southern Nigeria with an enrolment of about 74,000 by the First World War. His request to the Danish Crown for missionaries was forwarded to . JNE sustains a commitment to a threefold mission: first, to stimulate the collection and facilitate the dissemination of facts about the education of Black people; second, to present discussions involving critical appraisals of the proposals and practices relating to the education of Black people; and third, to stimulate and sponsor investigations of issues incident to the education of Black people. In fact in 1966, Father Burke led students to a victory in a national educational contest called the Ghana TV Cup. The statistical evidence suggests that education would have spread more evenly. independent learning A notable example was the Asafo Company, a purely military and social organisation of the peoples of Ghana, which was condemned by the early missionaries because of its presumed connection with fetish practices. Above, we have described the role that trading companies, missionaries, and the government played for the spread of Western education in the coastal areas from the late sixteenth century onwards. The missionary activities in Nigeria, especially their educational programs helped to whip-up the consciousness of a shared identity and helped to train a new set of elite that championed the course of nationalism and constituted a virile leadership for the young nation at independence.Click to see full answer What is missionary education?A mission school or [] By focusing on the African demand for education, I showed that Africans were not just passive recipients of mission schooling. Was this information useful? Ghana Education Service seeks to create an enabling environment in all educational institutions and management positions that will facilitate effective teaching and learning and efficiency in the management for the attainment of the goals of the Service. One of them, Philip Quaque, returned in 1765 as an ordained priest. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! essay writing Among other things the regulations required that all teachers should be registered, and a minimum salary was fixed. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004. (As at December 2020). began work in many parts of Africa. His work, however, did not extend much beyond Cape Coast and the neighbouring area. In the same year as the Basel missionaries settled in Akuapem 1835 the Wesleyan (later Methodist) Church was established at Cape Coast by the Rev. I found that while educational outcomes are generally better in places that were exposed to Christian missions in the colonial era, traditionally polygamous societies benefited less. He was followed, three years afterwards, by the Rev. After completing that assignment, Father Burkes superiors asked him to teach English as a second language (ESL) to Divine Word missionaries who did not know the language. In many instances, they made their converts rebel against traditional rulers and other spiritual leaders. In addition to studying the impact of these struggles on education, we also need to understand how they influenced gender inequality. Meanwhile, the Scottish missionary, Mary Slessor, had established a reputation in the Cross River area as a nurse. In conclusion, the converts tended to look down upon many things in their ancestral culture. Joseph Dunwell. 1. This comes at no extra cost to you. self help Other Roman Catholic hospitals were built in all the nine regions of the country; including those at Asikuma and Foso (Central Region), Akyem Swedru (Eastern Region), Berekum (BrongAhafo), Maase (Asante Region) and Anfoega (Volta Region). Request Permissions. This finding was supported by two types of analysis. Thomas Thompson, arrived in Cape Coast in 1752. senior high school economics Other difficulties they faced were the problems of the many languages and dialects and their ignorance of the true meaning of the various cultures, beliefs, values and ways of life of the people whom they set out to convert to Christianity. station in 1858, it was not until 1889 that the missionaries entered Hausaland, which was predominantly Muslim. How to Get Involved in Church Missions: The Ultimate Guide, 16 Causes of Crime Essay (with Solutions), Justify the Title of the Novel Second Class Citizen, The Role of Ghana in the Formation of the OAU, Economic Developments in Ghana Before Independence, 11 Causes of the Rise of Nationalism in Africa, Importance of the Odwira Festival in Ghana. He moved to Techny in 2016. In 1827 it grew into Fourah Bay College. Several missionaries died at a youthful age due to the unfriendly tropical climate. Furthermore, missionaries, believing in the civilizing mission, attempted to disintegrate traditional society through education by choosing academic subjects, such as the histories of the Western colonial powers, that illustrated the superiority of the Western culture, as well as by teaching about the superiority of the West in non-academic matters such as hygiene. For instance, in Nigeria, one of the first groups of missionaries to introduce organised medical services were the Roman Catholics. Besides education, they cared for the sick. The South African War is not covered in this grouping of letters. The first missionaries to come to Ghana were the Roman Catholic missionaries in the 15th century and the Anglican missionaries. In the Western Region, the Catholic Sisters running a hospital at Eikwe specialized in maternity cases, and like Slessor in Nigeria succeeded in stamping out the practice of killing twins at birth. After earlier unsuccessful attempts by the missionaries Chretien Proten, Henrick Huckuff and Jacobus Capitein, the Anglican, Rev. The Basel missionaries arrived on the shores of the Gold Coast in 1828 and wassce literature questions. Crampton, Edmund Patrick Thurman. The last two decades have witnessed the emergence of privately owned higher education institutions in Nigeria, including those owned by religious bodies and even by their individual members. For instance the scholar E.A. This research was funded by the European Research Council. The achievement of the purpose of these Christian Missions came with some costs. In the field of education, however, the missionaries had to adjust their programmes to fit in with the policy of assimilation. However, the early missionaries established medical centres, at first at their mission posts, and later far and wide, to attend to the sick. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Church history, history of Christianity, religious history: some reflections on British missionary enterprise since the late eighteenth century. Church History 71, no. skills for his or her future role in the society (Hetherington, 1979; Davidoff, 1980; Aboagye, 1997). A member of the CMS, Henry Venn, boasted that the mission schools of Nigeria would produce an educated African elite that could form an intelligent and influential class of society and become the founders of a Kingdom which shall render incalculable benefits to Africa (Venn cited in Bassey 1991:37). Efforts to change these norms were often aimed at women. Looking for a flexible role? And traditionally polygamous societies would have higher educational outcomes today. Cultural deprivation is what many of us suffer from []. The school, which was established the year of independence in 1957, was a work in progress. English In spite of all this, with the advent of the First World War in 1914 in the Kwaku District there were 21 congregations with a total of over 2500 members. Mission schools were popular because of the new skills and opportunities they offered. In traditionally monogamous societies, primary school completion increased by about eight percent, but only four percent in polygamous societies. It is one of the oldest continuously published periodicals by and about Black people. the role of administrators, chiefs and the missions; first attempts at agricultural and industrial training; girls' education and teacher training before 1850; some chief factors in educational expansion 1850-1900; government official policy in educational expansion 1850-1900; agricultural, industrial and vernacular training 1850-1900 First, I looked at how educational outcomes depended on the distance to historical missions. This company promoted the import and export trade in Ghana. In the case of Ghana, like other nations, the impact . Third, rivalry between the various Christian denominations also contributed to the poor standards of education. In Ghana, missions strategically weighted costs and benefits when choosing where to establish their churches and schools. Often drumming and the harmless songs and dances of the people were condemned. The original letters from abroad cover West Africa from 1899 to 1933. Apart from giving to the converts a new religious faith which they consider is superior to the traditional religions, the Christian missionaries did pioneering work in introducing new crafts, industries, Western education and modern health services. Some of these new crops were grapes coffee, mango, ginger, and olives. To put it differently, the motive was to gain acceptance in the sight of God so that after death they would be judged kindly by the heavenly father. This is the famous Presbyterian Teacher Training College founded in 1848 at Akropong-Akwapim. The missionaries also greatly improved the health services. With the support of the Propagation of the Faith within the Vatican, whose Cardinal Secretary became Pope Gregory XVI, various Roman Catholic missionary societies were founded. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. The positive contribution of Christian missionaries in Ghana can be felt in such areas as education, local language development, stoppage of outmoded cultural practices, agriculture and commerce. The Basel Mission. Yes! So why did the European missionaries come to Ghana and other parts of Africa? Before we examine the contribution of Christian missionaries in Ghana, we need to identify the missionaries that came to Ghana. Christian Religious Studies In the days of Portuguese contacts with Nigeria, Catholic priests had established missionary stations in Benin and the neighbourhood. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! In short, it was a very successful mission in making us little black Anglo-Saxon Protestants. Today almost all of the population is Presbyterian, although the ancestral royal cult and many spirit cults still flourish. First, missions saw education foremost as a means of conversion (Ayandele 1966: 286; Bassey 1991: 36; Berman 1974:527; Foster 1965:85; Sheffield 1973:11). Thus, despite what the images of suffering African children on websites such as that of Compassion Canada might lead one to believe, it is time for Africans to educate their own, without any interference. Another important Catholic missionary in this area was the Irishman, Bishop Shanahan. Missionaries were no doubt also aware that Africans came to associate European technological achievement with Western education (Bassey 1991:45) and therefore offered Western education as a means to attract Africans of this belief and then convert them. Kalu, Ogbu. These trends occasionally brought kings into conflict with the missionaries and their converts. Prior to the advent of western education, Ghana's traditional social structures had inbuilt opportunities for mobility. 1931. C.M.S. They worked to write the bible, dictionaries and textbooks in such Ghanaian Languages as Ewe, Fanti, Ga and Twi. Later that year, in recognition of his service to the Ghanaian people, President John Dramani Mahama bestowed the honor of Officer of the Order of Volta upon him. However, attending mission schools also meant exposure to colonial indoctrination. But the funds and other needed materials even when available could not reach their station in time. The early European Christian missionaries in West Africa experienced a number of difficulties, some arising from factors outside their control and others of their own making. Two important private schools with strong Christian influence must also be mentioned: Accra High School, founded in 1923 and Accra Academy, established in Of the ten largest congregations for men, the Society of the Divine Word is the fastest growing over the past 50 years. In addition, while missionaries did run many academic primary schools, they provided little secondary education, a practice which prevented natives from becoming too educated (Ayandele 1966:286) and potentially subversive. Alignment is the degree of congruence between your teaching philosophy and your institution's mission. Series CLR. Indeed, once the souls had been saved and since the students must have been considered clever enough, European languages were almost universally the languages of instruction in the later primary years and in secondary schools (Beck 1966: 120; Foster 1965: 159; Miran 2002:127). The contents of this tutorial will serve as a guide for a suitable essay on the below WAEC/WASSCE History past question. As much as the governments liked to assign blame to the missions, they were also accountable for the poor education through their educational policies. In an ironic twist, the more Africans became versed in the Bible, the more they began to challenge missionaries. Furthermore, each denomination had differing policies on education, so standards in education fluctuated across each colony, depending on what denomination had schools in each area. And yet this was what earlier missionaries in pagan Europe had done when, for example, they had changed the Sabbath to suit the pagan Sun Day (hence Sunday), and had also adopted the dates of the pagan festivals to celebrate Christmas Day and the Easter festival.
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